The Land and People of Tanzania. Thus, there are older and newer settlements on the mountain, older and newer patrilineal clusters, and substantial areas where the majority of residents are from unrelated households. For many years there were no television stations in Tanzania. The Christian influence spread both through preaching and through the provision of education. That pattern of landholding continues, although, formally speaking, the law has changed. Iron items included bells, ornaments, hoes, and spears. LOCATION: Igboland (Southern Nigeria) Emanatian, Michele. In indigenous Chagga cosmology, all human activities have potential spirit-worldly significance. 19 Mar. Pregnant women are fed on milk, sweet potatoes, fat, yams, and butter; these are considered female foods. Despite considerable innovative efforts from above, however, many preexisting relationships, such as powerful kinship groupings, continued to be locally effective on Kilimanjaro. Marriages used to be negotiated by the parents of the couple. A system of male age grades crosscuts lineages and districts. Many of the annual vegetable crops were grown by women and were women's property. A friendship ritual is held after the birth of a first child to remove some conditionalities of behavior between the in-laws. Older people are involved in adult literacy programs. Initially (i.e., before the German conquest), various Chagga chiefdoms welcomed missionaries, travelers, and foreign representatives as they did traders; in the 1880s, however, when the Chagga gradually lost their autonomy, they became more hostile. Specific behavioral norms are maintained between various persons in Chagga society. Munich: C. H. Beck. Public show of affection through bodily contact is considered highly inappropriate between the sexes. These colorful pieces of cloth are called kangas and kitenges. Over time, the churches have discouraged this practice, and monogamy (although sometimes in the form of a series of monogamous marriages) now prevails. Many parents also believed that it was a waste of money to educate daughters who would move to other households at marriage. Christian ideas and rituals are closely intertwined with indigenous conceptions and ceremonies. One of the occasions in which children frequently died was during the initiation ceremony known as Ngasi. Over the years Nyamwezi culture has both influenced and been influenced by the cultures of neighboring African societies as well as the national Tanzanian culture. With increased population density and division of land holdings, there are hardly any unoccupied areas between the various lineage territories. The churches, Catholic and Lutheran, were allocated religious control over different parts of Kilimanjaro. The Chagga made their own weapons and animal traps. Greetings are exchanged before any other exchange of words or actions. The circumcised youth are called Mangati, and they now form a rika (generation group) and are given a name referring to the specific circumcision age group. It is believed that the more senior a person is, the closer his or her contact with ancestors. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Having no domestic source of iron or salt, nor an adequate supply of clay, the chiefdoms of Kilimanjaro were dependent on trade with neighboring peoples for these essential materials. The staple food of the Chagga people is bananas. The chiefdoms were further divided into subunits called mitaa. She eat much posho. It is considered acceptable, however, for male companions and female companions to hold hands out of affectionate camaraderie. Spells, curses, amulets, and witchcraft were (and are today) commonplace, both to defend and to harm. It is fair to say that when you are in Moshi, Marangu or Machame, there is little indication that you are in a ‘Chagga town’. and national championships. Unsurprisingly for a people that has been subjected to some pretty relentless missionary work for over a century, the majority of the Chagga are today Christian. All this upheaval has led to a breakdown in social values and an increase in sexual promiscuity. Younger people are required to show respect to the older generations. At the end of this period a dowry would be paid, the marriage ceremony performed and the bride would be carried on the back of the Mkara (the traditional Chagga equivalent of the best man) to her new husband’s house. POPULATION: Over 3 million When the elder woman is satisfied with the initiate's behavior, friends and relatives are invited for a purification ceremony of singing and offering prayers to the ancestors. A wife is required to always face her husband on approach lest she be accused of cursing him. With contact with the outside world, the Chagga started to wear imported bead ornaments and cloth wraparound garments. Because these houses tended to be large, up to 7.5 meters (25 feet) round and over 6 meters (20 feet) high, they were built with the assistance of other villagers. She only make ‘Safari’ and look. They needed iron for weapons and agricultural tools, salt and clay pots for cooking. In October 2000 Tanzania held its second multi-party general elections. As available land became more scarce, many households moved downmountain, and some moved up, pushing back the boundary of the forest. Traditionally, the Chagga belonged to different clans (groups of people of common descent) ruled by mangis (chiefs). Many households have transistor radios, and a favorite pastime is listening to radio plays and sports programs. Local political reorganization ensued as the socialist government designed new structures. Primary school children are encouraged to participate in interschool competitions that often lead to interregional Family members usually shaved their heads on the third day after burial. The groom builds the house where he will live with his wife after marriage. The composition of the precolonial household changed over its life cycle and differed in polygynous households from monogamous ones. PRONUNCIATION: EE-bo MAKONDE-Known for their skillfully of making wood carvings and their Traditional dance called (Sindimba). English is the language of instruction in secondary schools and institutions of higher learning. For this particular method, the traditional payment was one pot of honey – and probably some more banana beer. Women are also in charge of trading in the marketplace. Tanzania has now introduced multiparty politics, and doubtless this will bring further changes in the future. Moore, Sally "Chagga There is an increasing cohesion of the Chagga people along party lines and a renewed sense of cultural identity. The Chagga, (sometimes also spelt Chaga or Shaka), are Bantu-speaking people living on the fertile volcanic slopes of Kilimanjaro. In the 1950s and the 1960s there was a free movement of the Kisii in Chaggaland but nowhere is the Kisii-Chagga encounter thoroughly documented. The Chagga population has risen steadily from 128,000 in 1921 to 832,420 in 1988 to 1.5 million people in 2003. Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Retrieved March 19, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/chagga-0. Gays or lesbians who celebrate their union in a manner that approximates a marriage ceremony or who live together as spouses in Zanzibar can be subjected to seven years imprisonment if convicted. She can have a modern job as a secretary or a bank clerk to sustain her household without a man being present. Each Chagga family has its own homestead in the middle of a banana grove. Eid al-Adha commemorates the willingness of Abraham to obey God's command and sacrifice his son Isaac. Lack of adequate farm land is forcing Chagga youth to seek work away from the kihamba (family homestead). Relationships between men and women were based on social segregation. Some Chagga chiefs became German allies and helped the Germans to defeat old rivals in other Chagga chiefdoms. School-aged boys wear shorts, but adults (both male and female) and young women generally do not wear shorts in public except during sports. This rite is performed to curb unruliness in a child. Encyclopedia.com. . Despite these differences in dialect, the Chagga people can understand one another. Edited by Marianne Bloch, Josephine A. Beoku-Betts, B. Robert Tabachnick. Favorite sports at school are soccer, netball, and athletics. Kilimanjaro and Its People. Phone lines may be seen crisscrossing the area, providing this service to those able to afford it. "My people, the Chagga, are an indigenous tribe of Tanzania. The most feared curse, however, was that of the deathbed curse, issued by somebody shortly before they expired. . (March 19, 2021). Boston: Boston University African Studies Center, 1993. Animal sacrifices would take place on the day of the burial, with the hide of a sacrificed bull used to cover the grave. The Chagga made (and continue to make) beer out of bananas and eleusine. These colorful pieces of cloth are used as wrappers around the body and are called kangas and kitenges. Soini, Eija. https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/chagga, "Chagga With the adoption of Western religions, traditional Chagga beliefs and practices have been reduced and synchronized to the new Christian beliefs. This man and his wife, also called a mkara, were like the best man and matron of honor to the couple. Traditionally, men and women were socially segregated. Ruwa is not looked upon as the creator of humankind, but rather as a liberator and provider of sustenance. Because these houses tended to be large, they were built with the assistance of other villagers. Denmark: Center for Development Research, 1995. During celebrations, guests generally drink and dance in separate groups, according to generation. Despite these differences in dialect, the Chagga people can understand each another. Since 1961, Tanzania has been an independent nation and, among other products, relies on coffee exportation for foreign exchange. The age classes ended with the German occupation of Tanzania. Christianity was introduced to the Chagga people about the middle of the 19th century. The doorway formed the only opening in the house's walls. She no can cook dinner. In Christian weddings, the young woman is brought to the church by her family and friends, and there she meets the groom. In 2004 Zanzibar enacted a law criminalizing female homosexual acts. 2021 . [Online] Available http://www.wtgonline.com/country/tz/gen.html, 1998. Primary school children are encouraged to participate in inter-school competitions that often lead to inter-regional and national championships. Stahl, Kathleen M. History of the Chagga People of Kilimanjaro. LOCATION: Southern Sudan These are sometimes called "clans" in the colonial literature. A lot of beer-drinking was also involved. This was a brutal rite-of-passage ceremony to mark the passing of boys into adulthood. His research included meetings and community group discussions in Arusha and Moshi and in this blog he shares some of the findings which show how FGM is changing in Tanzania. “Changing Livelihoods on the Slopes of Mt. Relatives were chosen to keep watch over the grave until the ceremony of shaving took place. It is not uncommon to find children sitting on a school floor, and hospitalized patients without medicine. Sudanese and Zulu troops were also brought in when some strong chiefly resistance to German control manifested itself. A common saying among educated Chagga women is “education is my husband.” An educated Chagga woman empowered with her western style education might go on to have children without marrying. Men generally do not wear shorts in public either. "Chagga Reader, John. The major religious holidays of both Christianity and Islam are celebrated. Over time, increasing numbers of Chagga received formal education. In the past, chiefdoms had chiefs who rose to power through war and trading. This in turn has brought about an increase in the number of children born out of wedlock and an increase in sexually transmitted diseases, especially AIDS. Mount Kilimanjaro has two peaks, Kibo and Mawenzi. Moore, Sally Falk (1986). The infrastructure in the region is more developed than in most other regions in Tanzania. The Chagga Chief Mandara, the scourge of many European explorers. Great importance is placed on having a son to continue the linage. London: Mouton and Co., 1964. The Chagga have different types of dances depending on the occasion. About two years after the burial, amid ceremony, the bones were removed from the hut and moved to a sacred spot in the banana grove. Encyclopedia.com. Start studying History Architecture - Tribes Portfolio - look at Chagga mainly!. Husbands were buried inside their senior wives' huts, under the milk store. They traditionally live on the southern and eastern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Meru and near Moshi. Next lies the coffee and banana belt. Proverbs are used to guide youth and convey wisdom. In rural areas, the couple leaves for the father-in-law's homestead, where a second celebration will take place a few days later. Youth and children were placed in the banana grove. These provide rides to villagers who may agree to ride in the back in exchange for a small fare. In the Chagga religion, however, it is not the sinner but the person who is sinned against who must be purified, in order that the negative force does not remain with him or her. Pelt, P. Bantu Customs in Mainland Tanzania. They were instructed in Chagga rituals, sexuality, procreation, and menstruation. Women in rural areas are also forming income-generating groups involved in activities such as crafts and tailoring. These dancers are from the Chagga tribe in the Arusha district of Tanzania. POPULATION: 12.8 million This done, the victim would be painted by the medicine man using the mixture in the hole. Greetings are important in Chagga culture. This is followed by sacrifice of a goat and, one month later, by a purification ceremony. Iring'i traditional dance of unity is the type of dance which was specifically designed to unite and maintain solidarity within the Chagga people, this is a well valued dance by Chagga people, and we offer you the ultimate local experience where you will enjoy the … It is likely that there were other peoples on the mountain for hundreds of years before they arrived. Radio broadcasts were a major source of entertainment. Following the national soccer league is a national pastime greatly enjoyed by the Chagga. Most often women are deprived of their rights to education, information, technology, the means of production such as land, as well as owning property even where the constitution and some laws provide room for gender equality. Many Chagga young people work as clerks, teachers, and administrators, and many engage in small-scale business activities. Coffee growing spread rapidly over the mountain. Schools and health facilities are run down, which affects the quality of service provided. Demography. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998. The Chagga and Meru of Tanzania. . Howard, Mary. "Chagga Warfare came to an end and, with it, Chagga military organization, which had been a system of male age grades. In the 1920s, with British administrative encouragement, the Chagga organized their own sales cooperative to market their coffee and regulate production. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Traditionally, the victim was killed in the night. They also keep cattle, goats, and sheep. However, with more activism it is hoped that in the near future restrictions on homosexuality will be eased. Ver hard on Wachaga to get wife, but when he get her she can make do plant corn, she make wash and cook and make do work for him. With exposure to other ethnic groups and Western culture, the Chagga have shown a liking for various types of music. The major Muslim holidays are Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. Photographs and accounts from earlier in the twentieth century show that there were open fields between the localized clusters. ." 1: Tanzanians. Mtori, a soup dish prepared from bananas and meat, has spread in popularity in other parts of Tanzania. These are based on a show of respect, non-hostility, or distance. Christianity spread, and, eventually, most Chagga became, at least nominally, Christians. Nyerere voluntarily relinquished power in 1985, but the legacy of his nation building efforts can be found throughout the country. West and Central African music and dance forms are also gaining in popularity, and it is not uncommon to hear such songs at celebrations such as wedding feasts. Today, Christian couples are married in churches. PRONUNCIATION: CHAH-guhALTERNATE NAMES: Chaga, Waschagga, Jagga, or DschaggaLOCATION: Kilimanjaro region in northern TanzaniaPOPULATION: 1,500,000LANGUAGE: Kichagga, SwahiliRELIGION: Christianity, IslamRELATED ARTICLES: Vol. 19 Mar. In January and February 1992, the government decided to adopt multiparty democracy from single party rule. On government holidays, the public rests and offices and shops are closed. The husband later built a hut of his own, which he shared with his older sons, the wife keeping her own hut with unmarried daughters and very young sons. (Westmount—Saint-Louis) Minister of Public Security, Chai Ve-Kayam ("Alive and Well," in Hebrew), https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/chagga-0, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/chagga, http://www.sadc-usa.net/members/tanzania/, https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/chagga. The Chagga plant a variety of food crops, including a variety of bananas, millet, maize (corn), beans, and cassava. Now many Chagga people own televisions and VCRs. Subsequently, colonial officials dealt with such matters administratively. Bananas and beer are considered male and not to be eaten by pregnant women. The Chagga people seen Kilimanjaro as two distinct peaks called “Mawenzi” (which comes from “kimawenzi”, “having a broken tip”) and “Kibo” (which comes from “kipoo”, “snow”). This is because the older group may get quite rowdy. AIDS awareness programs have been initiated to help deal with the problem. Chagga Culture and Coffee, situated in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro National Park, is a family owned local tour business offering visitors a rare insight into the local coffee production process right in the heart of the Materuni village. One of Africa's most respected figures, Julius Nyerere was a politician of principle and intelligence. Most institutions and organizations are structured hierarchically and dominated by males. Traditionally, Chagga clothing was made of cowhide. Only married people with children, for example, would be buried: dead youths and girls would be wrapped in banana leaves and left in a banana grove, while babies were merely covered in cow dung and left out for jackals and hyaenas. There are different greetings depending upon the time of day. With exposure to other ethnic groups and Western culture, the Chagga have shown a liking for various types of music. The more educated a person is, the better his or her chances of finding employment. Overpopulation has forced some Chagga people to move to the lowlands and to urban areas. Initiation ceremonies were abolished by the Germans, who controlled Tanzania from 1885 to 1946. The lowest plains form the bushland, and maize, thatch grass, and fodder are grown there. Bulow, Dorothy. Due to limited land holdings and grazing areas, most Chagga people today are forced to purchase meat from butcher shops. Despite some political ups and downs, the cooperative was, in general, very successful. Setel, Philip. POPULATION: 3,600,000 Bemba or Bemba-speaking Bridal payments were made over the wife's lifetime. The Chaga (also called Wachaga, Chagga, Jagga, Dschagga, Waschagga, or Wachagga) are Bantu-speaking indigenous Africans and the third largest ethnic group in … . Chagga mythology had many parallels with stories from the Bible, including one concerning the fall of man (though in the Chagga version, a sweet potato was the forbidden fruit, and it was a stranger rather than a serpent that persuaded the first man to take a bite); there are also stories that bear a resemblance to the tales of Cain and Abel, and the great flood. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. After the birth of a child, a Chagga mother remains inactive and indoors for three months, during which time she is taken care of by her husband and in-laws. The Chagga also made their own weapons and animal traps. It is also their main source of drink; they produce beer with the addition of eleusive, a grain. Moore, Sally Falk, and Paul Puritt (1977). Traditionally the Chagga people belonged to different clan groups ruled by mangis (chiefs). It is considered an insult to refuse; one must at least pretend to eat a little. The Chagga have rich oral traditions and have managed to record most of their history. A young man went to live in the forest. Upon arrival, you will register at the village office and your trip can begin. The Chagga and Meru of Tanzania. The Chagga consist of more than 400 different clans who were ruled by mangis (chiefs) and although the Mangi Mkuu (chief of all chiefs) is not involved in the daily life of modern Chagga anymore, he is still respected by all. Local lineages held slaughtering feasts several times a year. A visitor staying for some time is expected to help with the family work. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Formerly, both males and females were ritually circumcised before they were considered fit for marriage. Elders are usually greeted first by the younger generation; younger people are required to show respect to the older generations. Wealthier individuals may even own small trucks and pickups. The Machame may greet each other in the morning with nesindisa, while the Kibosho use shimboni. Chagga chiefdoms traded with each other, with the peoples of the regions immediately surrounding the mountain (such as the Kamba, the Maasai, and the Pare), and also with coastal caravans. Thus, a Western religion was imposed on the Chagga, along with a Western medicine, Western education, and a cash crop. Today, these houses are more commonly built with cement walls and corrugated metal roofs. The British administration periodically reorganized local administrative bodies in response to this development. There was no particular age for circumcision, but youth were generally circumcised during the cooler months from June to August. Presumably, the fighting between the chiefdoms was over control of trade routes, over monopolies on the provisioning of caravans, over ivory, slaves, cattle, iron, and other booty of war, and over the right to exact tribute.

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