The EU was created by the Maastricht Treaty, which entered into force on November 1, 1993. Cyprus has two official languages: Greek and On Jan. 8, 1790, President George Washington delivered the first – … They also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) for co-operation in developing nuclear energy. [297] In 2018, the EU region with the highest life expectancy was Madrid, Spain at 85.2 years, followed by the Spanish regions of La Rioja and Castilla y León both at 84.3 years, Trentino in Italy at 84.3 years and Île-de-France in France at 84.2 years. [181], The European Ombudsman was established by the Maastricht Treaty. Moreover, the EU, since the difficulties incurred over the EU-Canada Comprehensive Trade Agreement (CETA), has excluded traditional investor-to-state dispute settlement (ISDS). According to P.C. [263] Supporters of CAP argue that the economic support which it gives to farmers provides them with a reasonable standard of living. [158] The Court also gives opinions and proposals on financial legislation and anti-fraud actions. [226][227] Internal trade between the member states is aided by the removal of barriers to trade such as tariffs and border controls. "[47] During the same decade, Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, one of the first to imagine of a modern political union of Europe, founded the Pan-Europa Movement. MEPs are elected on a national basis and they sit according to political groups rather than their nationality. These programmes are designed to encourage a wider knowledge of other countries and to spread good practices in the education and training fields across the EU. After the recent enlargement, the new states that joined since 2004 added the problem of solving accessibility to the transport agenda. There is a significant variation in Nominal GDP per capita within individual EU states. [302], Association football is by far the most popular sport in the European Union by the number of registered players. In 2020, the first ever European Union Strategy on LGBTIQ equality was approved under Helena Dalli mandate.[271]. In other policy areas the EU can only co-ordinate, support and supplement member state action but cannot enact legislation with the aim of harmonising national laws.[166]. [205] The Western European Union, a military alliance with a mutual defence clause, was disbanded in 2010 as its role had been transferred to the EU. Lobbying at EU level by special interest groups is regulated to try to balance the aspirations of private initiatives with public interest decision-making process.[140]. [305] This followed lobbying by governing organisations such as the International Olympic Committee and FIFA, due to objections over the application of free market principles to sport, which led to an increasing gap between rich and poor clubs. The claim: President Joe Biden was supposed to deliver a State of the Union address by Feb. 20. The distribution of competences in various policy areas between Member States and the Union is divided in the following three categories: The EU is based on a series of treaties. This figure is from February 2020, and takes account of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union. [153], The EU had an agreed budget of €120.7 billion for the year 2007 and €864.3 billion for the period 2007–2013,[155] representing 1.10% and 1.05% of the EU-27's GNI forecast for the respective periods. [191] The EU also operates the Schengen Information System[15] which provides a common database for police and immigration authorities. Christians in the European Union are divided among members of Catholicism (both Roman and Eastern Rite), numerous Protestant denominations (Anglicans, Lutherans, and Reformed forming the bulk of this category), and the Eastern Orthodox Church. [44] The term United States of Europe (French: États-Unis d'Europe) was used at that time by Victor Hugo (1802–1885) during a speech at the International Peace Congress held in Paris in 1849: A day will come when all nations on our continent will form a European brotherhood ... A day will come when we shall see ... the United States of America and the United States of Europe face to face, reaching out for each other across the seas. Signing the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a condition for EU membership. In 1999, the currency union started, first as an accounting currency with eleven member states joining. In the Elections to the European Parliament in 2019, the green parties increased their power, possibly because of the rise of post materialist values. 8. [323], The European Union has had a significant positive economic impact on most member states. Three of them – English, French and German – have the higher status of. The European Commission's Directorate-General for Health and Consumers seeks to align national laws on the protection of people's health, on the consumers' rights, on the safety of food and other products. Its role was recognized in three major UN summits on sustainable development: the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, South Africa; and the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) in Rio de Janeiro. More recently, the EU has demonstrated leadership in global environmental governance, e.g. [200], Switzerland was called to vote on whether to end the agreement with European Union on the free movement of people, in September 2020. In 2009, the EU had an estimated Muslim population of 13 million,[114] and an estimated Jewish population of over a million. [261] One of these reforms entailed the modification of the EU's sugar regime, which previously divided the sugar market between member states and certain African-Caribbean nations with a privileged relationship with the EU. Despite being within the EU territories, Albania is not part of the European Union. Inspired by the freedom of movement for persons envisaged in the Treaties, the introduction of a European form of citizenship with precisely defined rights and duties was considered as long ago as the 1960s. [293][294][295], The EU has some of the highest levels of life expectancy in the world, with Spain, Italy, Sweden, France, Malta, Ireland, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Greece all among the world's top 20 countries with the highest life expectancy. The creation of a European single currency became an official objective of the European Economic Community in 1969. [278] The EU has adopted an emissions trading system to incorporate carbon emissions into the economy. In 2012, its budget amounted to €874 million, 51% of the budget went to Africa and 20% to Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean and Pacific, and 20% to the Middle East and Mediterranean. Almost all member states supported that goal at an EU summit in June 2019. When Putin wanted to tighten his grip on the media in 2001 he turned to Gazprom to buy a television channel and several publications. The bull is, for its part, depicted on all residence permit cards. It is more integrated than a traditional confederation of states because the general level of government widely employs qualified majority voting in some decision-making among the member states, rather than relying exclusively on unanimity. In 2010 the estimated network covers: 75,200 kilometres (46,700 mi) of roads; 78,000 kilometres (48,000 mi) of railways; 330 airports; 270 maritime harbours; and 210 internal harbours.[256][257]. In addition, the principle of subsidiarity requires that only those matters that need to be determined collectively are so determined. [327][328] Scholar Thomas Risse wrote in 2009, "there is a consensus in the literature on Eastern Europe that the EU membership perspective had a huge anchoring effects for the new democracies. [104] The three official alphabets of the European Union (Cyrillic, Latin, and modern Greek) all derive from the Archaic Greek scripts. However, it has been a “potential candidate country” since 2000 when it was recognized. The EU was founded with the intention of becoming a supranational union. The EU does not have a direct role in collecting taxes or setting tax rates. [18][69] The treaty also gave the name European Community to the EEC, even if it was referred as such before the treaty. [72][73], In 2012, the EU received the Nobel Peace Prize for having "contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy, and human rights in Europe. [102] German is the most widely spoken mother tongue (18% of the EU population), and the second most widely understood foreign language, followed by French (13% of the EU population). The EU’s common currency is the euro. The EU has the power to make laws in defined areas, and these laws take primacy over national law. [62], In 1973, the Communities were enlarged to include Denmark (including Greenland, which later left the Communities in 1985, following a dispute over fishing rights), Ireland, and the United Kingdom. [99][100], Even though language policy is the responsibility of member states, EU institutions promote multilingualism among its citizens. [198], Besides the emerging international policy of the European Union, the international influence of the EU is also felt through enlargement. [301] The European Capital of Culture programme selects one or more cities in every year to assist the cultural development of that city. The SDGs recognize that all countries must stimulate action in the following key areas - people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership - in order to tackle the global challenges that are crucial for the survival of humanity. [208], Most EU member states opposed the Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty. [215] The 'geographic' instruments provide aid through the Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI, €16.9 billion, 2007–2013), which must spend 95% of its budget on official development assistance (ODA), and from the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI), which contains some relevant programmes. To that end, a number of efforts were made to increase the EU's military capability, notably the Helsinki Headline Goal process. Decisions offer an alternative to the two above modes of legislation. Regulations, directives, and decisions are of equal legal value and apply without any formal hierarchy. While both can legislate, member states can only legislate to the extent to which the EU has not. Policing state aid is also a cornerstone of the EU, which regulates Europe’s vast free trade area known as the common market, home to almost 450 million consumers. The free movement of capital is unique insofar as it is granted equally to non-member states. In 1957, when the EEC was founded, it had no environmental policy. [276] In subsequent years, the environment became a formal policy area, with its own policy actors, principles and procedures. Despite joining the EU as a de facto divided island, the whole of Cyprus is EU territory. [156], In the 2010 budget of €141.5 billion, the largest single expenditure item is "cohesion & competitiveness" with around 45% of the total budget. ), the Flemish Diamond (Antwerp, Brussels, Leuven, Ghent et al.) After alle these tests and many more, we are determined to stay together. Learn more about the EU in this article. ECDC will continue to publish weekly updates on the number of cases and deaths reported in the EU… [252], The EU has five key points in its energy policy: increase competition in the internal market, encourage investment and boost interconnections between electricity grids; diversify energy resources with better systems to respond to a crisis; establish a new treaty framework for energy co-operation with Russia while improving relations with energy-rich states in Central Asia[253] and North Africa; use existing energy supplies more efficiently while increasing renewable energy commercialisation; and finally increase funding for new energy technologies. In his book The EU As a Small Power, he argues that the EU is a response to and function of Europe's unique historical experience in that the EU contains the remnants of not one but five past European orders. ], In the oriental parts of the continent, the Russian Tsardom, and ultimately the Empire (1547–1917), declared Moscow to be Third Rome and inheritor of the Eastern tradition after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The largest metropolitan area in the EU is Paris,[89] followed by Madrid, Barcelona, Berlin, the Ruhr, Rome, and Milan, all with a metropolitan population of over 4 million. Only four languages, namely Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian (all three Uralic), and Maltese (Semitic), are not Indo-European languages. [240], Two of the original core objectives of the European Economic Community were the development of a common market, subsequently becoming a single market, and a customs union between its member states. The European Day of Languages is held annually on 26 September and is aimed at encouraging language learning across Europe. [116], Through successive enlargements, the European Union has grown from the six founding states (Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) to 27 members. [30][31] Medieval Christendom and the political power of the Papacy have been cited as conducive to European integration and unity.[32][33][34][35][relevant? Go back to the Introduction section, and review how the EU is or is not similar to a state. The details of how they are to be implemented are left to member states. In higher education, the policy was developed in the 1980s in programmes supporting exchanges and mobility. The EU has also promoted human rights issues in the wider world. These countries, primarily developing countries, include some who seek to one day become either a member state of the European Union, or more closely integrated with the European Union. [134] Generally speaking, they can be classified into two groups: those which come into force without the necessity for national implementation measures (regulations) and those which specifically require national implementation measures (directives).[135]. It has been engaged extensively with EU institutions like NATO. But, how is this different from what a STATE does? [108][109] The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ratified by most EU states provides general guidelines that states can follow to protect their linguistic heritage. [275], European policy-makers originally increased the EU's capacity to act on environmental issues by defining it as a trade problem. Post-Maastricht there has been a rapidly developing corpus of ECJ judgements regarding this initially neglected freedom. It acts externally as a "collective head of state" and ratifies important documents (for example, international agreements and treaties).[142]. International recognition of sustainable development as a key element is growing steadily. The Political System of the European Union. The single market involves the free circulation of goods, capital, people, and services within the EU,[233] and the customs union involves the application of a common external tariff on all goods entering the market. The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It serves to represent the various governments directly and its approval is required for any proposal to enter into law. Almost all uranium is imported and nuclear power is considered primary energy produced in the EU. The EU uses foreign relations instruments like the European Neighbourhood Policy which seeks to tie those countries to the east and south of the European territory of the EU to the Union. Go to the. Its members have a combined area of 4,233,255.3 km (1,634,469.0 sq mi) and an estimated total population of about 447 million. "[176], In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty gave legal effect to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The European Council gives political direction to the EU. [50][51], After World War II, European integration was seen as an antidote to the extreme nationalism which had devastated parts of the continent. For example Art.45(6): “The Commission shall enter into consultations with the third country.” A solo run by a US state would be problematic,” he said. [57] These men and others are officially credited as the founding fathers of the European Union. In 2015 the European Commission presented its proposal for a new European Border and Coast Guard Agency having a stronger role and mandate along with national authorities for border management. Under these treaties, the bloc’s twenty-eight members agree to pool their sovereignty and delegate many decision-making powers to the EU [q] The EU has legal personality, with the right to sign agreements and international treaties. The new plan was expected to provide the European Union with greater flexibility to target and sanction those responsible for serious human rights violations and abuses around the world.[180]. Heritage and shared histories in the European Union", "Ein britischer Patriot für Europa: Winston Churchills Europa-Rede, Universität Zürich, 19. Nevertheless, in 1965 an agreement was reached and on 1 July 1967 the Merger Treaty created a single set of institutions for the three communities, which were collectively referred to as the European Communities. The EU investment into creating state-of-the-art vaccine and drug research, development and manufacturing capacities will be one of the core blocks for future pandemic response, but will also contribute to EU strategic autonomy in the area of health and the strategic positioning of the European healthcare industry. The EU is independent from the Council of Europe, although they share purpose and ideas, especially on the rule of law, human rights and democracy. Brexit once seemed to pose an existential threat to the European Union. [49] In a radio address in March 1943, with war still raging, Britain's leader Sir Winston Churchill spoke warmly of "restoring the true greatness of Europe" once victory had been achieved, and mused on the post-war creation of a "Council of Europe" which would bring the European nations together to build peace. In this way, the European Union is much more decentralized than a typical state: instead of having all power concentrated on one single authority, power in the EU is spread to other parties, such as the individual nation states. While services account for 60–70% of GDP, legislation in the area is not as developed as in other areas. [274] [103], A total of twenty official languages of the EU belong to the Indo-European language family, represented by the Balto-Slavic,[i] the Italic,[j] the Germanic,[k] the Hellenic,[l] and the Celtic[m] branches. Some of the organization's goals are to promote peace, combat discrimination, and offer freedom, security, and justice without internal borders. Accordingly, the Union has legislated in areas such as extradition,[185] family law,[186] asylum law,[187] and criminal justice. Besides naming the continent, the Greek mythological figure of Europa has frequently been employed as a personification of Europe. But he pointed out that one obstacle may be that “the GDPR envisages contact between the EU and the third country, not an individual region. More than half (56%) of EU citizens are able to engage in a conversation in a language other than their mother tongue. Poles FURIOUS at German-led EU THE ultimate goal of the European Union is to dissolve borders under a communist German super-state, a trio of Polish experts has claimed. [217] If considered collectively, EU member states are the largest contributor of foreign aid in the world.[218][219]. It consists of a government minister from each member state and meets in different compositions depending on the policy area being addressed. Policing state aid is also a cornerstone of the EU, which regulates Europe’s vast free trade area known as the common market, home to almost 450 million consumers. EU member states have to obey EU laws, which are created by european parliamen instead of their own. [280], Proposals to reach a zero carbon economy in the European Union by 2050 were suggested in 2018 - 2019. The predecessor of the EU was created in … This co-operation had to particularly be developed with the advent of open borders through the Schengen Agreement and the associated cross border crime. [r], The direct effect and supremacy doctrines were not explicitly set out in the European Treaties but were developed by the Court of Justice itself over the 1960s, apparently under the influence of its then most influential judge, Frenchman Robert Lecourt[170]. The European Commission working sectors are: Aeronautics, automotive, biotechnology, chemicals, construction, cosmetics, defense, electronics, firearms, food and drink, gambling, healthcare, maritime, mechanics, medical, postal, raw materials, space, textile, tourism, toys and Social economy (Societas cooperativa Europaea). [221], The European Union is the largest exporter in the world[225] and as of 2008 the largest importer of goods and services. [104] Catalan, Galician and Basque are not recognised official languages of the European Union but have official status in one member state (Spain): therefore, official translations of the treaties are made into them and citizens have the right to correspond with the institutions in these languages. Since 2019 there is a European Commissioner for Equality; a European Institute for Gender Equality has existed since 2007. The European Convention on Human Rights was previously only open to members of the, Opinion (2/92) of the European Court of Justice on "Accession by the Community to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms", To do otherwise would require the drafting of legislation which would have to cope with the frequently divergent legal systems and administrative systems of all of the now 28 member states. (Slovak version pictured). Within the EU, the eurozone exists. [215] The European Development Fund (EDF, €22.7 billion for the period 2008–2013 and €30.5 billion for the period 2014–2020) is made up of voluntary contributions by member states, but there is pressure to merge the EDF into the budget-financed instruments to encourage increased contributions to match the 0.7% target and allow the European Parliament greater oversight. [194] The CFSP requires unanimity among the member states on the appropriate policy to follow on any particular issue. The introduction of a mandatory and comprehensive European energy policy was approved at the meeting of the European Council in October 2005, and the first draft policy was published in January 2007. [2][105], Luxembourgish (in Luxembourg) and Turkish (in Cyprus) are the only two national languages that are not official languages of the EU. [213], The European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department, or "ECHO", provides humanitarian aid from the EU to developing countries. [311] The EU has often been described as a sui generis political entity (without precedent or comparison).[16][17]. The EU and European citizenship were established when the Maastricht Treaty came into force in 1993. Otherwise, all we may be left with is a failed state on the EU’s doorstep and EU flags on humanitarian relief items – sad reminders of a never-realised dream. The eurozone (constituted by the EU member states which have adopted the euro) has since grown to 19 countries. In the eurozone, trade is helped by not having any currency differences to deal with amongst most members. Trade barriers and competitive distortions in the Common Market could emerge due to the different environmental standards in each member state. Agriculture expenditure will move away from subsidy payments linked to specific produce, toward direct payments based on farm size. [312], Charles the Great, also known as Charlemagne (Latin: Carolus Magnus) and later recognised as Pater Europae ("Father of Europe"),[313][314][315] has a symbolic relevance to Europe. 21–26. This lacuna has been addressed by the recently passed Directive on services in the internal market which aims to liberalise the cross border provision of services. It has been described by some as the Union's "supreme political authority". [162] The European Commission estimated in 2009 that the financial effect of irregularities was €1,863 million. [266], The EU seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 6.7% in September 2018. That a particular policy area falls into a certain category of competence is not necessarily indicative of what legislative procedure is used for enacting legislation within that policy area. Institute for European Environmental Policy (2012) Manual of European Environmental Policy, Earthscan, London. (Irish version pictured), A European vehicle registration plate, consisting of a blue strip on the left side with the EU flag symbol, along with the country code of the member state in which the vehicle is registered. https://carleton.ca/ces/eulearning/?p=404, Introduction: The EU – A Political System, but not a State. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services and capital within the internal market;[11] enact legislation in justice and home affairs; and maintain common policies on trade,[12] agriculture,[13] fisheries and regional development.

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